Ok, back to this pig.
So I pulled the clean chinese carb back apart, but this time I pulled the factory one apart as well. I compared jet sizes and such, and I stumbled upon something very interesting. The needle sizes are very different, and tapered different. See my picture below.
The chinese parts are up top, and the factory parts are below. The emulsion tubes and main jets appear the same, but the needles are vastly different lengths, and taper. I have since installed the emulsion tube, main jet, and needle from the factory carb into the chinese carb, and ran the bike. At first it was still a little lean at idle, but now I have gotten my mixture screw adjustability back. I can now idle, accelerate, and rev at high rpms with no backfiring through the carb. Big step forward. It looks like the long needle was not allowing hardly any fuel through.
One issue I have now, is with the idle screw backed all the way out, the bike idles too fast. A little more digging required, but it looks like this junk carb may end up working for me.